Author: myfirstchannel999@gmail.com

  • Ibps clerk exam analysis

    ibps clerk 3rd shift 5 Oct 2025 english parajumble

    On a recent Sunday afternoon at Shatila Bakery in Dearborn, Michigan, a line of customers were crowded around display cases filled with flaky baklava, mounds of meshabek (Egyptian funnel cake) and golden-brown Lebanese-style macarons. As employees rushed to fill orders, locals excitedly spoke to each other in a mixture of Arabic and English, with one quipping to a friend, “There go my plans for eating healthy!” 

    In many ways, Shatila is a microcosm of Dearborn. Started by a Lebanese immigrant in the 1970s, the 45-year-old bakery is surrounded by dozens of Arab American-owned restaurants, businesses, markets, halal butcher shops, hair salons and mosques. Signs in both Arabic and English line Dearborn’s two biggest throughfares – Warren Avenue and Michigan Avenue – and over the past century this city located just outside of Detroit that has long been synonymous with Ford Motor Company auto manufacturing has blossomed into arguably the most Arab place in America. 

    In 2023, Dearborn became the first Arab-majority city in the US. The 110,000-person city is home to both the Arab American National Museum and the largest mosque in North America. It’s one of the few US cities whose mayor is both Muslim and Arab, the first US city to make Eid a paid holiday for city employees and one of only a handful of places in the country where the Islamic adhan (call to prayer) is allowed to be broadcast from a mosque’s loudspeakers. It is, as one local told me, “the motherland away from the motherland”. 

  • Haryana State Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation

    • HSIDC (हरियाणा राज्य औद्योगिक विकास निगम )की स्थापना कपनी अधिनियम 1956 के तहत कब की गई— 8 मार्च 1967, मुख्यालय पंचकूला
    • वर्ष 2005 में HSIDC का नाम बदलकर हरियाणा राज्य औद्योगिक अवसंरचना विकास निगम (HSIIDC) करदिया गया।
    • HSIIDC ने वर्ष 2022 में अपना नया लोगो लागू किया है।
    • HSIIDC किस विभाग के तहत कार्य करता है — उद्योग एवं वाणिज्य विभाग (Industry and Commerce)
    • उद्योग एवं वाणिज्य विभाग के कैबिनेट मंत्री —-राव नरबीर सिंह
    • HSIIDC ने हरियाणा प्रदेश को 4 मंडल (डिवीजन) में बांटा है।
    • उद्योग एवं वाणिज्य विभाग का मुख्यालय स्थित है – सेक्टर 1 चंडीगढ़

    HSIIDC का उ‌द्देश्य :

    • औद्योगिक पार्क विकसित करना, मेगा फूड पार्क विकसित करना।
    • हरियाणा में विदेशी निवेश को आर्कषित करना, हरियाणा में नए IMT’s की स्थापना करना।
    • हरियाणा में औद्योगीकरण की गति को तीव्र करना एवं औद्योगिक बस्तियों को स्थापित करना।
    • उद्योग संबंधी अधोसंरचना का विकास करना। नई औद्योगिक इकाईयाँ स्थापित करना।
    • उद्यमियों का मार्गदर्शन करना व उनको सलाह देना। उनको ऋण उपलब्ध करवाना।
    • HSIIDC औद्योगिक रूप से कम विकसित क्षेत्रों में औद्योगिक इकाईयों को स्थापित करता है। यह उद्यमियों की कौशलविकास (स्किल डवलेपमेंट) को बढ़ाता है।
    • यह उपकरणों, संयत्रों एवं मशीनरी के उत्पादन को बढ़ावा देता है तथा गांवों का विकास करता है।
    • औद्योगिक प्लाटों का आवंटन, औद्योगिक बस्तियों का प्रबंधन, नागरिकों को जरूरी सूचना उपलब्ध करवाना ये सभी कार्य HSIIDC के अंतर्गत आते हैं।
    • हरियाणा में औद्योगिक विकास के लिए सर्वोच्य एजेंसी है HSIIDC
    • हरियाणा में 1500 एकड़ से अधिक भूमि पर विस्तारित IMT मानेसर, बावल, सोहना, खरखौदा, पंचकूला,रोहतक, फरीदाबाद में स्थित है।
    • हरियाणा में IT पार्क मानेसर, मेगा फूड पार्क राई (सोनीपत), टैक्नॉलाजी पार्क पंचकूला, जूता पार्क -बहादुरगढ़, टैक्सटाइल पार्क पानीपत, अपैरल पार्क बराही (सोनीपत)
    • रोज का मेव औद्योगिक क्षेत्र हरियाणा के किस जिले में स्थित है- -गुरूग्राम
    • ग्लोबल सिटी प्रोजेक्ट हरियाणा के किस जिले में स्थित है –गुरुग्राम
    • दुबई एवं सिंगापुर की तर्ज पर हरियाणा में कौन सा प्राजेक्ट शुरू किया जाएगा सिटी इन सिटी
    • HSIIDC हरियाणा के किस खेल की टीम को प्रमोट करती है बॉलीबाल
    • HSIIDC ने हरियाणा में किस स्थान पर गोल्फ भी बनाया है मानेसर
    • पद्मा (PADMA – Programme to Accelerate Development for MSME Advancement) योजना संबंधित है -हरियाणा औद्योगिक विभाग
    • हरियाणा में लघु एवं मध्यम उद्योग इकाइयों को आधार (बेस) कौन देता है HSIIDC
    • MSME :- Ministery of micro, small and Midium Enterprises (सुक्ष्म, लघु एवं मध्यम उद्यम मंत्रालय की स्थापना किस पंचवर्षीय योजना के तहत हुई — द्वितीय पंचवर्षीय योजना
    • खेत खाली फिर भी खुशहाली योजना संबंधित है — धान के स्थान पर भूमि को खाली रखने पर सरकारी

  • Mixture and Alligation – Complete Notes in Hinglish (2025 Updated)

    Mixture and Alligation ke questions competitive exams mein bahut common hote hain. Yeh topic profit-loss aur ratio ke concepts se linked hota hai. Neeche diye gaye sabhi formulas, theorems aur tricks aapke blog ke liye SEO-friendly format mein ready hain.

    📘 Basic Concepts

    • Mixture: Jab do ya zyada components (jaise milk + water) ko mix kiya jata hai.
    • Alligation Rule: Ek shortcut method hai average value nikalne ke liye jab do alag-alag values mix ho rahi ho.
    No.📘 Theorem Name🧠 Concept Summary (Hinglish)
    1Alligation RuleCheaper aur dearer values ka ratio nikalne ka shortcut
    2Weighted AverageMultiple items ka average value calculate karna
    3Equal Quantity ShortcutJab quantity same ho, simple average use hota hai
    4Successive ReplacementLiquid replace hone par final quantity ka formula
    5Alligation Line MethodVisual method for ratio calculation
    6Mixture PurityMixture mein pure part ka percentage
    7Profit-Based AlligationCost aur selling price ka mix for profit calculation
    8Multiple Mixtures3+ items mix karne ka stepwise method
    9Time-Based MixingContinuous inflow-outflow ka net effect
    10Reverse AlligationGiven average se ratio nikalna

    🔹 1. Alligation Rule

    📌 Formula: (Cheaper – Mean) : (Mean – Dearer) = Quantity Ratio

    Examples:

    1. Milk ₹20/litre + ₹30/litre → Mixture ₹25/litre ⇒ Ratio = (30–25):(25–20) = 5:5 = 1:1
    2. Alcohol 10% + Alcohol 40% → Mixture 25% ⇒ Ratio = (40–25):(25–10) = 15:15 = 1:1
    3. Sugar ₹15/kg + ₹25/kg → Mixture ₹20/kg ⇒ Ratio = (25–20):(20–15) = 5:5 = 1:1

    🔹 2. Weighted Average Theorem

    📌 Formula: Average = (Q₁×V₁ + Q₂×V₂ + … + Qₙ×Vₙ) / (Q₁ + Q₂ + … + Qₙ)

    Where:

    • Q = Quantity
    • V = Value (price, concentration, etc.)

    Examples:

    1. 2L milk @ ₹20 + 3L milk @ ₹30 ⇒ Average = (2×20 + 3×30) / 5 = ₹26
    2. 5kg rice @ ₹40 + 7kg rice @ ₹50 ⇒ Average = (5×40 + 7×50)/12 = ₹46.67
    3. 3L alcohol @ 10% + 2L @ 30% ⇒ Average = (3×10 + 2×30)/5 = 18%

    🔹 3. Equal Quantity Shortcut ( if both quantity equal )

    📌 Formula: Average = (Value₁ + Value₂) / 2

    Examples:

    1. ₹20 + ₹30 milk = ₹25/litre
    2. 10% + 40% alcohol = 25%
    3. ₹15 + ₹25 sugar = ₹20/kg

    🔹 4. Successive Replacement Theorem

    📌 Formula: Final Quantity = Initial × (1 – Replaced/Total)ⁿ

    Where:

    • n = Number of replacements

    Examples:

    1. 20L milk, 5L replaced once ⇒ Final = 20 × (1 – 5/20) = 15L
    2. 10L alcohol, 2L replaced twice ⇒ Final = 10 × (1 – 2/10)² = 6.4L
    3. 30L solution, 6L replaced thrice ⇒ Final = 30 × (1 – 6/30)³ = 17.576L

    🔹 5. Alligation Line Method

    📌 Formula: Draw line → Left: Cheaper | Middle: Mean | Right: Dearer Then subtract crosswise to get ratio.

    Ek line draw karo:

    • Left end pe cheaper value
    • Right end pe dearer value
    • Middle mein mean value
    • Cross subtraction se ratio milta hai

    🧪 Examples:

    1. ₹20 & ₹30 → ₹25 ⇒ Ratio = (30–25):(25–20) = 5:5 = 1:1
    2. 10% & 40% → 25% ⇒ Ratio = (40–25):(25–10) = 15:15 = 1:1
    3. ₹15 & ₹25 → ₹20 ⇒ Ratio = (25–20):(20–15) = 5:5 = 1:1

    🔹 6. Mixture Purity Theorem

    📌 Formula: Purity % = (Pure Quantity / Total Quantity) × 100

    Agar ek mixture mein kuch part impure ho (jaise alcohol-water) toh

    🧪 Examples:

    1. 8L milk + 2L water ⇒ Purity = (8/10)×100 = 80%
    2. 6L alcohol + 4L water ⇒ Purity = (6/10)×100 = 60%
    3. 9L petrol + 1L kerosene ⇒ Purity = (9/10)×100 = 90%

    🔹 7. Profit-Based Alligation

    📌 Formula: Profit % = (Selling Price – Cost Price) / Cost Price × 100

    Jab cost price aur selling price ka mixture ho toh use this with alligation to find best mix for max profit.

    Examples:

    1. Cost ₹20, Sell ₹25 ⇒ Profit = (25–20)/20 × 100 = 25%
    2. Mix ₹15 & ₹30 → Sell @ ₹25 ⇒ Use alligation to find ratio and profit
    3. ₹10 & ₹40 mix → Sell @ ₹30 ⇒ Apply alligation + profit formula

    🔹 8. Multiple Mixtures Theorem

    📌 Formula: Stepwise alligation: Mix first two → then mix result with third

    Jab 3 ya zyada items mix ho rahe ho:

    Step-by-step pairwise alligation apply karo → Pehle 2 ka average lo → Usko teesre ke saath mix karo

    🧪 Examples:

    1. ₹20 & ₹30 → ₹25, then mix with ₹40 ⇒ Step 1: ₹25, Step 2: ₹25 & ₹40 → ₹32.5
    2. Alcohol 10%, 30%, 50% ⇒ Step 1: 10 & 30 → 20%, Step 2: 20 & 50 → 35%
    3. Rice ₹40, ₹50, ₹60 ⇒ Step 1: ₹40 & ₹50 → ₹45, Step 2: ₹45 & ₹60 → ₹52.5

    🔹 9. Time-Based Mixing Theorem

    📌 Formula: Final Quantity = Initial × (1 – Replaced/Total)ⁿ

    Agar ek tank continuously fill ho raha ho aur simultaneously kuch liquid nikal raha ho:

    Use differential rate concept → Net rate = Inflow – Outflow → Apply replacement formula if needed

    Examples:

    1. Tank 100L, 10L replaced daily for 3 days ⇒ Final = 100 × (1 – 10/100)³ = 72.9L
    2. 50L milk, 5L replaced twice ⇒ Final = 50 × (1 – 5/50)² = 40.5L
    3. 30L solution, 6L replaced once ⇒ Final = 30 × (1 – 6/30) = 24L

    🔹 10. Reverse Alligation Theorem

    📌 Formula: Use basic alligation in reverse to find ratio

    Agar mixture ka average diya ho aur ratio nikalna ho:

    Use basic alligation rule in reverse → Mean value se dono ends subtract karo → Ratio milta hai

    🧪 Examples:

    1. Mixture ₹25, items ₹20 & ₹30 ⇒ Ratio = (30–25):(25–20) = 1:1
    2. Mixture 25% alcohol, items 10% & 40% ⇒ Ratio = (40–25):(25–10) = 1:1
    3. Mixture ₹20, items ₹15 & ₹25 ⇒ Ratio = (25–20):(20–15) = 1:1

    • Mixture and Alligation formulas in Hinglish
    • SSC Banking DSSSB maths tricks
    • Alligation shortcut method
    • Replacement formula for milk-water
    • Competitive exam maths notes PDF
    • Mixture and Alligation solved examples

  • Mech Arena New Promo Codes: Everyone (August)

    • MECH4YEARS – 399 A-Coins, 39,999 Credits, 3 Amateur Crates & Prodigy Crate
    • HAPPYBDAYMA – 150 A-Coins, fortune key, skin, Prodigy crate (30/08/2025)
    • BACKTO5V5 – 250 A-Coins, 25k Credits, and an Amateur Crate
    • SUMMERPILOTS – 1000 Pilot Marks, and the pilot G-Lock
    • 2GTSUMMER4ALL – 200 A-Coins, 100k Credits, Prodigy Crate
    • FOR42OLDS – 242 A-Coins, 42k Credits
    • MIDGAMER – 30k Credits and a Prodigy Crate
    • HOLIDAYMECH – 20k Credits
    • MIDGAMEGIFT – 100 A-Coins, 20k Credits, 500 Implant Parts, and 100 Pilot Marks
    • BLASTZONE – 200 A-Coins, 50k Credits, and a Prodigy Crate
  • All Mensuration formulas

    2D Mensuration – Area & Perimeter

    ShapeArea FormulaPerimeter FormulaExample (units in cm)
    SquareA=a2P=4aa=5⇒ A=25,P=20
    RectangleA=l×bP=2(l+b)l=6, b=4 ⇒ A=24, P=20
    CircleA=πr2C=2πrr=3 ⇒ A≈28.27, C≈18.85
    TriangleA=1/2×b×hP=a+b+cb=6, h=4 ⇒ A=12
    Equilateral TriangleA=3/4×a2P=3aa=6 ⇒ A≈15.59, P=18
    ParallelogramA=b×hP=2(a+b)b=5, h=3 ⇒ A=15
    RhombusA=1/2×d1×d2
    (diagonal)
    P=4ad1=6, d2=4 ⇒ A=12
    TrapeziumA=1/2×h×(a+b)P=a+b+c+da=6, b=4, h=5 ⇒ A=25

    📦 3D Mensuration – Volume & Surface Area

    SolidVolume FormulaSurface Area FormulaExample (units in cm)
    CubeV=a3SA=6a2a=3 ⇒ V=27, SA=54
    CuboidV=l×b×hSA=2(lb+bh+hl)l=4, b=3, h=2 ⇒ V=24, SA=52
    CylinderV=πr2hSA=2πr(h+r)r=3, h=5 ⇒ V≈141.37, SA≈150.8
    ConeV=1/3πr2hSA=πr(r+l)r=3, h=4, l=5 ⇒ V≈37.7, SA≈75.4
    SphereV=4/3πr3SA=4πr2r=3 ⇒ V≈113.1, SA≈113.1
    HemisphereV=2/3πr3SA=3πr2r=3 ⇒ V≈56.55, SA≈84.8
    Frustum of ConeV=1/3πh(R2+r2+Rr)SA=π(R+r)l+π(R2+r2)R=5, r=3, h=4, l=5 ⇒ V≈251.3

    π = 22/7

    SA = Surface Area

    V = Volume

    R = Radius

  • Famous Temples of India

    Temple NameLocationBuilt By / PeriodArchitecture Style
    Kedarnath TempleRudraprayag, UttarakhandPandavas (mythical); restored by Adi Shankaracharya (8th century)Nagara style
    Somnath TemplePrabhas Patan, GujaratOriginally by Moon God Soma; rebuilt by Sardar Patel (1951)Chalukyan style
    Brihadeeswara TempleThanjavur, Tamil NaduRaja Raja Chola I (1010 AD)Dravidian (Chola)
    Konark Sun TempleKonark, OdishaKing Narasimhadeva I (13th century)Kalinga style (chariot-shaped)
    Meenakshi TempleMadurai, Tamil NaduNayak rulers (16th century); older shrine existed earlierDravidian style
    Jagannath TemplePuri, OdishaKing Indradyumna (mythical); rebuilt in 12th centuryKalinga style
    Mahabodhi TempleBodh Gaya, BiharEmperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE)Brick architecture
    Virupaksha TempleHampi, KarnatakaChalukyas (7th century); expanded by Vijayanagara rulersDravidian style
    Golden TempleAmritsar, PunjabGuru Arjan Dev (1581–1604)Sikh architecture with Indo-Islamic elements
    Padmanabhaswamy TempleThiruvananthapuram, KeralaChera dynasty; expanded in 18th centuryDravidian + Kerala style
    Khajuraho TemplesMadhya PradeshChandela dynasty (9th–12th century)Nagara style with erotic sculptures
    Ramanathaswamy TempleRameswaram, Tamil NaduPandya rulers (12th century)Dravidian style
    Vaishno Devi TempleKatra, Jammu & KashmirAncient cave shrine; popularized in modern eraCave temple
    Amarnath TempleAnantnag, J&KAncient; naturally formed ice lingamCave shrine
    Tirupati Balaji TempleTirumala, Andhra PradeshPallavas (9th century); expanded by Cholas & VijayanagaraDravidian style
    Akshardham TempleDelhiBAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha (2005)Modern Hindu architecture
    Kamakhya TempleGuwahati, AssamAncient; rebuilt in 17th century by Koch kingsNilachal style (Tantric)
    Sanchi StupaSanchi, Madhya PradeshEmperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE)Buddhist stupa architecture
  • Haryana Government Schemes (2014–2025)

    YearScheme NameLaunch DateFocus AreaKey Benefit
    2014CM Window25 Dec 2014GovernanceGrievance redressal portal
    Swachh Haryana Abhiyan2 Oct 2014SanitationVillage cleanliness drive
    Antyodaya Saral Portal25 Dec 2014E-GovernanceUnified services access
    2015Beti Bachao Beti Padhao22 Jan 2015Women & ChildGirl child support
    Mahara Gaon Jagmag Gaon1 Jul 2015Infrastructure24×7 rural electricity
    2016Saksham Yuva Yojana1 Nov 2016YouthUnemployment aid & training
    Mukhya Mantri Samajik Suraksha Yojana1 Apr 2016WelfarePension for vulnerable
    Smart Gram YojanaAug 2016Rural DevelopmentHolistic village progress
    2017Bhavantar Bharpayee Yojana1 Oct 2017AgricultureMSP compensation
    Durga Shakti AppOct 2017Women SafetySOS emergency app
    Neeli Kranti Scheme2017FisheriesAquaculture support
    2018Ayushman Bharat (Chirayu)15 Aug 2018Health₹5 lakh health coverage
    Paudhagiri Campaign10 Jul 2018EnvironmentSchool-led tree planting
    7 Star Gram Yojana2018PanchayatVillage rating system
    2019Parivar Pehchan Patra (PPP)26 Jul 2019GovernanceFamily ID system
    Mukhyamantri Parivar Samman NidhiSep 2019Social Security₹6,000/year for poor
    Super 100 SchemeJun 2019EducationCoaching for merit students
    2020Teerth Yatra YojanaJan 2020ElderlyFree religious travel
    Manohar Jyoti YojanaFeb 2020Renewable EnergySolar kits for homes
    Har Ghar Hariyali2020EnvironmentFree saplings
    2021Antyodaya Parivar ParivahanApr 2021Transport1,000 km free travel
    IT Saksham YuvaAug 2021Youth & IT3-month tech training
    Khiladi Bima Yojana2021Sports₹20 lakh athlete insurance
    2022Drone Didi SchemeNov 2022Women Empowerment80% drone subsidy for SHGs
    Har Ghar Har Grihani YojanaDec 2022LPG Subsidy₹500 LPG cylinder
    Lado Lakshmi YojanaDec 2022Women₹2,100/month for BPL women
    2023DAYALU II Scheme17 Jun 2023Animal WelfareAid for stray injuries
    Contractor Saksham Yuva6 May 2023Youth & LoansTraining + interest-free loan
    Pandit Lakhmi Chand Samman8 May 2023CulturePension for folk artists
    2024Mukhyamantri Kisan Sadak MargJan 2024AgricultureFarm road infrastructure
    Viklang Pension SchemeMar 2024Disability₹3,000/month aid
    Ayushman Chirayu ExpansionApr 2024HealthPM-JAY coverage upgrade
    2025Gramin Vikas YojanaJan 2025Rural DevelopmentVillage infrastructure boost
    Kaushal Vikas MissionFeb 2025Skill DevelopmentVocational training
    Gauvansh Sanrakshan YojanaMar 2025Animal WelfareCow shelter support

    🧾 Additional Welfare-Oriented Schemes (Dates approx.)

    Scheme NameLaunch PeriodFocus AreaKey Benefit
    Antyodaya Aahar Yojana~2018Welfare₹10 nutritious meals
    Swarna Jayanti Bal Dugdh Yojana~2020NutritionFree milk for kids
    E-Bhoomi Portal~2017GovernanceTransparent land acquisition
    Food Fortification Scheme~2021HealthMicronutrient-rich food
    Durga Shakti Vahini~2020Women SafetySafe transport fleet
    Motorcycle Ambulance Service~2021Rural HealthEmergency access
    Solar Tubewell Scheme~2020AgricultureRenewable irrigation
    IT Saksham Gram Sachivalaya~2022E-GovDigital training in panchayats
    Labour Welfare Fund Schemes~2016–2024LabourPensions, education aid
    Laptop for Talented Students~2019EducationFree laptops for toppers
    Vidhur Pension Yojana~2022WelfareAid for widowed men
    Antyodaya Bhawan~2018Welfare AccessCentralized scheme hub
  • Major Rivers of Haryana

    RiverOriginEnters Haryana atExits / Confluence
    YamunaYamunotri Glacier, UttarakhandKalesar (Yamunanagar)Hasanpur (Palwal), then into Uttar Pradesh
    Ghaggar-HakraDagshai, Shivalik Hills, Himachal PradeshKalka (Panchkula)Disappears into Thar Desert (Rajasthan)
    SaraswatiAdi Badri, Himachal PradeshNear AmbalaJoins Ghaggar near Punjab border
    MarkandaNahan, Himachal PradeshAmbalaJoins Ghaggar via Sanisa Lake
    Tangri/DangriMorni Hills, Shivalik RangePanchkulaJoins Ghaggar
    SahibiAravalli Hills near Jaipur, RajasthanKot Kasim (Rewari)Joins Yamuna near Najafgarh (Delhi)
    DohanMandholi Village, Neem ka Thana (Rajasthan)RewariJoins Sahibi near Mahendragarh
    KrishnavatiAravalli Hills near JaipurRewariJoins Sahibi near Mahendragarh
    IndoriMewat HillsMewatJoins Sahibi
    chautangshivalik HillsNear YamunaJoins Saraswati

    Major Dams in Haryana

    Dam NameRiverDistrictInauguration / Completion Year
    Kaushalya DamKaushalya (Ghaggar tributary)Panchkula2012
    Ottu BarrageGhaggar-Hakra RiverSirsaCompleted in 1896, renovated later
    Tajewala BarrageYamuna RiverYamunanagar1873
    Hathni Kund BarrageYamuna RiverYamunanagar1999
    Anangpur DamSeasonal stream (gravity dam)FaridabadBuilt in 8th century, restored in 1963
    Masani BarrageSahibi RiverRewariDate not clearly documented
    Pathrala BarrageYamuna Canal systemYamunanagarPart of canal infrastructure
    Palla BarrageYamuna RiverNear Delhi borderDate not clearly

  • Major lakes of Haryana

    Lake NameLocationTypeArea / SizeKey Highlights
    Damdama LakeSohna, GurugramNatural~12.14 km² (3000 acres)Largest lake in Haryana; surrounded by Aravalli Hills; popular for boating & camping2
    Badkhal LakeFaridabadArtificial~40 acresCreated in 1947; nestled in Aravalli hills; once a major tourist spot2
    Sultanpur LakeGurugramNatural~325 acresBird sanctuary; migratory birds like Siberian Crane; upgraded to National Park
    Karna LakeKarnalArtificial~17 acresLinked to Mahabharata’s Karna; scenic picnic spot3
    Tilyar LakeRohtakArtificial~132 acresRecreational complex; boating, zoo, water park3
    Blue Bird LakeHisarArtificial~52 acresKnown for clear blue water; birdwatching hotspot3
    Brahma SarovarKurukshetraSacred Tank~670,000 sq ftMythological significance; linked to Lord Brahma; site of Gita Jayanti3
    Kotla LakeNuh (Mewat)Artificial~20 km²Lifeline of Mewat; built in 1838; supports irrigation & fishery3
    Surajkund LakeFaridabadArtificial~40 acres (est.)Built in 10th century; hosts Surajkund Crafts Mela3
    Basai WetlandGurugramNatural WetlandVaries seasonallyBiodiversity hotspot; habitat for endangered birds
    Sannihit SarovarKurukshetraSacred Tank~550,000 sq ft (est.)Believed to be confluence of Saraswati streams; solar eclipse rituals
    Hathni KundYamunanagarReservoir~360 meters longNear Tajewala Barrage; rafting & birdwatching site
    Masani BarrageRewariReservoirVariesIrrigation & flood control structure
    Pathrala BarrageYamunanagarReservoirVariesLocated on Yamuna River; supports agriculture

    🌟 Additional Lakes & Reservoirs

    • Dabur Lake – Murthal, Sonipat
    • Dehvatali Lake – Murthal, Sonipat
    • Dohla Lake – Sohna, Gurugram
    • Bhindawas Lake – Jhajjar (part of Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary)
    • Basolan Lake – Pinjore, Panchkula
    • Tikker Tal – Morni Hills, Panchkula

    📌 Notable Mentions

    • Largest Lake: Damdama Lake is the biggest in Haryana.
    • Most Sacred: Brahma Sarovar is deeply revered in Hindu mythology.
    • Best for Birdwatching: Sultanpur Lake and Blue Bird Lake.
    • Linked to Mahabharata: Karna Lake and Brahma Sarovar.

  • JAINISM

    1st:+ Tirthankara: Rishabhanath

    23 Tirthankara: Parshvanath

    24th or Last Tirthankara: Vardhaman Mahavira

    Birth-Kundagrama near Vaishali (540Bc

    Childhood Name – Vardhman

    He belonged to the Jnatrika kashatriya clan.

    Father – Siddhartha (Head of janatrika clan)

    AKSHA

    Mother-Trishla (Sister of Lichhavi chief chetaka)

    Elder Brother Nandiverdhan

    Wife Yashoda

    Daughter-Annoja Priyadarshin married with Jamall

    At the age of 30. Vardhaman renounced his home & became a wandering ascetic for 12 Years by taking permission from his elder brother.

    Mahavira’s first disciple was Jamali.

    Austerity Place Jrimbhikagrama Village

    Attainment of Knowledge(i.e Kaivalya Jnana) 12 yrs. (Rajupalika River, Under the Saal free near

    Jrimbhikagrama)

    Follower-Jamali (1″ student after Enlightenment)

    Language – Natural (Prakrit)

    He was Contemporary to Bimbisara.

    He met Makhali Goshal, who became his 1″ student, Before englightenment.

    Ajivaka Community by Makhali Goshal

    Bindusar follower of Ajvika Community.

    He added 5 Mahavarta → BRAMACHARYA

    He gave his 1 sermon in Prakrit Language at Rajgriha.

    1st Female Disciple Chandana

    Most famous Followers → SthulBhadra & Bhadra Bahu.

    Death-468 BC (PavaPuri), Bihar at the age of 72.

    Pava Puri is also called as “Apapuri”.